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What do you already know about electricity?
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| 1. Here is a picture of an electrical wire. The wire is copper and the green outside is rubber. |
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Press the Right Arrow below to go to the next page.
Press the Right Arrow below to go to the next page.
Press the Right Arrow below to go to the next page.
Press the Right Arrow below to go to the next page.
Press the Right Arrow below to go to the next page.
6. A student connects a hand generator to a light bulb. They also
connect a voltage sensor, which measures the voltage across the
light bulb. They crank the hand generator and produce the following
graph of voltage:
Choose the letter for the area of the graph where:
| Congratulations! You have completed this section. |
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1
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In this activity, you will measure what happens when batteries are added together in a series. |
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Engage
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Explore
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4
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for
a technical hint.
for
a movie showing how to use the data collection graph.
You can read the value of the voltage in the box below the graph.
| Now line up the two batteries, pointed the same way, with plus (+) to the right. Use something to keep them in line, such as the slot below a chalk board, the groove in a ruler, or the V in a folded piece of cardboard. |
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Measure the total voltage from one end to the other and record
it below next to "measured: #1 plus #2".
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6
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| Now get together with another team. Line up four batteries, all pointed the same way, with the (+) to the right. Make sure the ends are touching. Use something to keep them in line, such as the slot below a chalk board, the groove in a ruler, or the V in a folded piece of cardboard. |
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Measure the total voltage from one end to the other and record
it below.
Take a snapshot of your graph. |
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Explain
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Elaborate
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What is the voltage of combinations of batteries?
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1
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Electricity is a part of modern life. Almost everyone has electricity in their house and uses it in dozens of ways all day long. But most people don't know what electricity is or how it works! This unit will help you explore electricity. |
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Exploring the question
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One great thing about electrical energy is that it can be easily turned into other kinds of energy. Review and use your list of items that run on electrical energy on the previous page and other ideas that you have to think of an example in your house for each of these tasks.
You have completed the introduction. Click on the UDL HOME button below.
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What is electricity?
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1
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Read the story of "Eduardo and Maria Make a Telegraph" by using the forward and back arrows below. |
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Chapter 1
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2
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"What's the matter with Eduardo?" asked his sister Maria.
"I think he has the flu," said their mother. "You should stay away from him or you might catch it, too!"
"OK," said Maria.
Maria was bored. She had watched all her favorite shows on TV and now there was nothing on but stupid football games.
"Why don’t you read a book?" asked her mother.
"I've read all my books a million times!" said Maria. "I want to play. I want to play with Eduardo."
"OK," said her mother. "You can play with him, but you can't go in his room or you might catch the flu."
"That's dumb!" thought Maria. "How can I play with Eduardo if we can't be in the same room?" And then Maria got an idea.
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Chapter 2
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3
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"Mom," she said, "I need two tin cans and some string."
"OK," said her mother. "There's a ball of string in the cupboard and you can take two empty cans out of the recycling bin in the basement."
Maria went to the cupboard and got out a big ball of string and a pair of scissors. She went downstairs to the recycling bin and took out two empty cans with no tops. Then she went back to her mother.
"Mom," said Maria. "Can you make some holes in these cans for me?"
Maria's mother got a hammer and a nail. She hammered the nail into the bottom of each can. When she was done there was a hole in each can. The holes were just big enough for the string to pass through.
"Thanks, Mom!" said Maria.
Maria pushed the end of the string through the hole in the bottom of one of the cans. She made a knot in the end of the string so that it wouldn't slip back through the hole.
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4
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"Come in," said Eduardo.
Maria opened the door. Eduardo was in his bed. He looked sick. His eyes were puffy and his nose was runny. There was a Kleenex box on the bed stand beside his bed and a bunch of Kleenexes on the floor near the wastebasket. There were a few Kleenexes in the wastebasket, too.
"I brought you something!" said Maria. She tried to sound bright and cheerful.
"What is it?" asked Eduardo. "This!" said Maria, showing him the tin can with the string attached to it.
"Oh goody!" said Eduardo, "Just what I wanted: a tin can with a string attached to it!"
"No, silly!" said his sister. "It's a telephone!"
Maria was careful not to go into Eduardo's room. She threw the can to Eduardo and then walked away, holding the other tin can in one hand. In the other hand she had the ball of string. She let the string run out of the ball until it lay on the floor all the way down the hall in front of Eduardo's room. When she got to the end of the hall she cut the string and poked the end through the hole in the bottom of the tin can. She tied a knot in the string so it wouldn't come out. She pulled on her can until the string between the two cans was pulled tight.
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5
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"Can you hear me?" she asked.
"Yes!" Eduardo shouted back. "I hear you loud and clear! This thing really is a telephone!"
"You don't have to shout," said Maria, still speaking in a quiet voice. "If you talk into the can I'll hear you even if you whisper."
Eduardo took the can away from his ear and spoke into it in a quiet voice. Maria put her can to her ear. She could hear Eduardo's voice through the can even though he wasn't shouting.
The telephone worked both ways!
Just then their mother came out of the kitchen and saw what they were doing. She walked over to Maria shaking her head. She looked angry.
"This will never do," she said. "No, this won't do at all!"
"It's all right," said Maria. "You said I couldn't go into Eduardo's room and I didn't. I threw the can to him and walked down the hall."
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Chapter 3
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6
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"Maybe this telephone will work through a closed door," thought Maria. She pulled on the string until it was tight between the two cans. Then she put her can up to her mouth and spoke into it. "Can you hear me?" she asked.
"I can hear you," yelled Eduardo from behind his closed door. "But your voice is very faint and it's not coming through the can. The telephone isn't working."
Maria walked slowly down the hall to Eduardo's room. She stopped in front of the closed door and spoke loudly. "I guess this string telephone doesn't work through closed doors," she said. "Now what are we going to do?"
"I don't know," said Eduardo.
"It isn't fair!" said Maria. "Why did you have to get sick?"
"I didn't want to get sick," said Eduardo. "It isn't my fault!"
Their mother was watching them. "I have an idea," she said. "Why don't you two make a telegraph instead of a telephone?"
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"This is different," said her mother. "It's like a telephone, but it will work through closed doors. In fact, it will work anywhere in the house! You'll need some batteries and bulbs and some wire. And, of course, you'll have to learn Morse Code."
"Morse Cold?" said Eduardo. "Is that what I've got?"
"No, no," said his mother. "Morse CODE, not cold! Morse Code can help you and Maria send messages without talking. All you'll have to do is turn a light bulb on and off by connecting it to a battery."
"I know how to do that," said Eduardo from behind his closed door. "We did it in school."
"Do we have to?" asked Maria. "I'd much rather just talk to Eduardo than have to mess with this stupid Morse Code."
"Your telephone won't work through a closed door," her mother reminded her. "So if you want to send messages to your brother you'll have to find another way. It won't be so bad – once you both know Morse Code, it will be like a secret language. You'll be able to send messages that no one else will understand."
"OK," said Maria. "I guess it's worth it. Anyway, there's nothing else to do around here.
"It will be fun," said her mother. "You'll see. You can take the
batteries out of your flashlight. I'll get you some holiday bulbs."
"OK," said Maria. She looked a little happier. "But this better work."
She ran to her room and found her flashlight. She took the batteries out of the flashlight. When she got back to Eduardo's room her mother was there. She was holding a holiday bulb and two large spools of electrical wire.
"OK," said Maria. She looked a little happier. "But this better work."
She ran to her room and found her flashlight. She took the batteries out of the flashlight. When she got back to Eduardo's room her mother was there. She was holding a holiday bulb and two large spools of electrical wire.
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Chapter 4
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8
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"I got the bulb to light up!" she told Eduardo through the closed door.
"Great," said Eduardo, "but how are we going to turn that into a telegraph?"
"You'll need a lot of wire," said their mother. "Then you can have the battery far away from the bulb. So when you touch the two wires to the ends of the battery in your room Maria will see the bulb light up no matter how far away she is. Once you have that working, I'll show you how to use Morse Code to send messages."
"I get it," said Maria. "But how do I connect the long wires to the bulb?"
"Simple," said her mother. "You just twist the ends of the wires around each other. It doesn't matter how you do it as long as the ends are touching each other. Here, try it."
Maria twisted one of the wires coming out of the bulb around the wire from one of the spools. Then she twisted the other bulb wire around the wire from the other spool. "There," she said, "I've done it!"
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"Thanks, Mom," she said. "You think of everything!"
"I try to," said her mother. "Right now I have to think of making dinner, so you're on your own!"
"Wait!" said Maria. "Before you go, you've got to give Eduardo the bulb! I'm not allowed to go in there!"
"You're right," said her mother. "I almost forgot." She opened the door to Eduardo's room and walked over to his bed. "How are you feeling?" she asked.
"OK," said Eduardo. "I'll feel better once we get this telegraph thing to work."
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Eduardo took the bulb from his mother and held it carefully where it connected to the two spools of wire. His mother walked out of his room very carefully, letting the little spools of wire turn so that the wires got longer and longer. When she got to Maria she handed the spools of wire to her. "Here," she said to Maria. "Keep unrolling these wires until they reach all the way down the hall. Then attach them to the battery and Eduardo will see the bulb light up, just the way it did when the wires were short. And you'll have a telegraph!"
Then she went to the kitchen, leaving Maria with a battery, a roll of sticky tape, a pair of scissors, and two spools of wire.
Maria walked slowly down the hall, unrolling the wires behind her. When she got to the end she cut the wires with the scissors and touched the ends of the wires to the two ends of the battery.
"I'm touching the wires to the ends of the battery!" she yelled to Eduardo. "Is the bulb lit?"
"No, it's not!" yelled Eduardo. "Are you sure you're doing it right?"
"Of course I am!" yelled Maria, "It's not very hard. I'm holding them as tightly as I can! This stupid telegraph just doesn't work! I hate this telegraph! I give up!"
"Don't give up!" said Eduardo. "It's lonely in here! I need a
telegraph to talk to someone! We've got to make it work!"
"Mom," called Maria. "Help!
"Maria's mother came out of the kitchen. She had an apron on and her hands were white with flour. "What's the problem?" she asked.
"This telegraph doesn't work," said Maria. "The bulb lit up when we connected it to the battery with the short wires, but it doesn't light when we use the long wires."
"Mom," called Maria. "Help!
"Maria's mother came out of the kitchen. She had an apron on and her hands were white with flour. "What's the problem?" she asked.
"This telegraph doesn't work," said Maria. "The bulb lit up when we connected it to the battery with the short wires, but it doesn't light when we use the long wires."
"Let me take a look," said her mother. "Show me what you're doing to
make the bulb light." Maria touched the ends of the long wires to
the battery carefully, making sure that they were really touching it.
"I do this, but Eduardo says the bulb doesn't light up," she said. "What's wrong?"
"I see what the problem is," said her mother. "You have it almost right. There's just one little thing you've forgotten to do. Fix that and your telegraph will work perfectly."
"What is it?" asked Maria.
"I do this, but Eduardo says the bulb doesn't light up," she said. "What's wrong?"
"I see what the problem is," said her mother. "You have it almost right. There's just one little thing you've forgotten to do. Fix that and your telegraph will work perfectly."
"What is it?" asked Maria.
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Chapter 5
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11
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"You haven't stripped the wires," she said. "You're touching the green part of the wire to the battery, not the copper inside. The green stuff is made of plastic. Plastic is an insulator. It can't carry an electric circuit. You need to touch the copper wire directly to the battery. Copper is a conductor. Electricity can travel through copper and light Eduardo's bulb."
"Oh, I remember now!" said Maria. "We stripped the wires for my science fair project too, but I never understood why."
She ran down the hall to Eduardo's room.
"Eduardo!" she yelled. "Did you hear what Mom said?"
"No," said Eduardo. "I can't hear much through this door. What did she say? Did you fix our telegraph?"
"Not yet," said Maria, "but Mom told me what we were doing wrong. I forgot to strip the wires. We used an insulator instead of a conductor, so we didn't get any electricity."
"Oh," said Eduardo. "I understand. Can you fix it?"
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12
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She ran back to where she had left the battery. She picked up the scissors and very carefully cut a ring around the green insulation, about half an inch from the end. Then she pulled on the insulation until it came off both wires. The copper was shiny. She touched one copper wire to the knobby end of the battery and the other to the flat end.
Maria disconnected one of the wires.
"Now it went off," yelled Eduardo. "What did you do?" "I disconnected one of the wires," yelled Maria. "I can make it go on and off. Watch!"
She connected the wire and then immediately disconnected it.
"The bulb just flashed!" yelled Eduardo.
"I know," yelled Maria. "The telegraph is working. Now we have to figure out how to send messages with it. Mom, we need help again! You have to teach us how to use Morse Code."
"The bulb just flashed!" yelled Eduardo.
"I know," yelled Maria. "The telegraph is working. Now we have to figure out how to send messages with it. Mom, we need help again! You have to teach us how to use Morse Code."
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Chapter 6
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13
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"Morse Code works by turning the bulb on and off," she said.
"We can do that part," said Maria. "All I have to do is connect a wire to turn it on and disconnect it to turn it off. Like this." She held the battery in her left hand and touched the flat end of the battery with one of the long wires that went down the hall to Eduardo's room. With her right hand she touched the knob on the battery with the end of the other long wire. "Now the bulb is on," she said. Then she pulled the blue wire away from the battery and said, "and now it's off."
"That worked, " said Eduardo from inside his closed room. "I saw the bulb go on and off. But I need a battery too. And Maria has to have a bulb. Otherwise I can't send her messages."
"That's OK," said his mother. "We have another bulb and battery and there's plenty of wire. We can make you a telegraph, too."
"Cool!" said Eduardo. "But I don't understand how this code thing works."
"Morse Code works with dots and dashes," said his mother. "A dot is when you turn the bulb on for just a short time. A dash is when you turn it on for a longer time. Maria, try to make a dot."
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"That was a dot!" said Eduardo.
"Now make a dash," said her mother.
She touched the battery with the wire and held it there for a longer time.
Eduardo said, "That was a dash!"
"That's right!" said his mother. "Now you have to combine dots and dashes to make letters."
"How does that work?" asked Maria.
"Each letter is a certain number of dots and dashes," said her mother. "For example, E is a dot, T is a dash, A is a dot followed by a dash, I is two dots, and so on. You pause between each letter and you pause longer at the ends of words."
"How are we ever going to remember all that?" asked Maria.
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15
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"You're not," said her mother. "I've written it all out for
you on this piece of paper. There are two copies: one for you
and one for Eduardo. After a while you'll both know the code
by heart, but at first you'll use your tables to remember it.
Here's what the Morse code looks like. Remember, the dots
stand for short pulses of light and the dashes stand for long
ones." She handed a piece of paper to Maria. This is what it
looked like:
"I get it!" said Maria. "Eduardo, I'm sending you a message!" "Wait a minute!" said her mother. "I've got to give him his copy of the code." She went into Eduardo's room, gave him the other piece of paper with the Morse Code on it, and came out again." |
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"Here goes!" said Maria.
She sent this message: .... Â .. Â . Â _.. Â .._ Â ._ Â ._. Â _.. Â _ _ _ Â ._._._ Â .... Â _ _ _ Â ._ _ Â ._ Â ._. Â . Â _._ _ Â _ _ _ Â .._ Â .._ Â _..
Click
here
if you want to print a copy of the Morse code.
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Draw a diagram of the telegraph circuit that Maria and Eduardo used. You can use the battery and bulb stamps. Take a snapshot of your drawing.
Congratulations! You have completed this activity. Click on the Home button below, then ask your teacher for further instructions.
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Telegraph Story
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1
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In this activity you will test materials that conduct or insulate against the flow of electricity. |
Engage
A material that allows electrical charges to flow through it easily
is called a conductor.
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Explore
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2
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Now you will build a real circuit tester. It can measure which
materials are conductors and which materials are insulators.
Use this drawing to build your circuit tester. Work in teams. Hold the wires against the ends of the AA or AAA battery and the test material (e.g., penny, plastic spoon, rubber band, eraser, pencil lead, paper clip, wood) with your fingers. |
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Explain
Elaborate
Congratulations! You have completed this activity.
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What can conduct electricity?
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1
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In this activity, you will build a model of how electrical charges travel in a circuit and move energy from one place to another. |
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Engage
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2
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| You can model this process with a circle of students. Form a circle with everyone linking arms, including the teacher. Pretend that the teacher is the battery and a student across the circle is the light bulb. |
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I love building models. They help me to understand what's happening.
In this experiment, you get to be part of an electric circuit. Remember what you feel like as you get pushed or pulled.
The circle of students is a model of a circuit. Keep this model in mind as you build another kind of circuit.
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The person who is the light bulb will feel pushed on one side and pulled on the other. The energy that makes the student move is like the energy the light bulb gets from the battery. The energy heats up the atoms in the light bulb and makes them glow.
Now you will build a similar model of a circuit using string and straws.
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Explore
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5
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Using your marker, put a dot on the string about every centimeter. These dots represent electric charges that can move inside the wire.
| Make a "necklace" by putting a piece of string through four bendable straws, as in the picture. |
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I am learning that a circuit is like a circle. An electric circuit means that charges are moving in a loop.
In this model I need to pay attention to the dots on the string.
Models can be great fun. Have you ever made a model?
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6
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Tie the string into a loop, leaving about 30 cm of string that
is not inside the straws. Use a "square knot" as shown.
Trim the knot so that it will slide through the straws. |
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| Tape the necklace to a piece of cardboard in a rough rectangle. Leave the string a little loose. Leave two areas where the string is not inside the straws. |
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| Draw a picture of a battery on a piece of paper and tape it to the cardboard. Draw a picture of a light bulb and tape it to the cardboard. |
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Explain
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10
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Here is a picture of an electric circuit showing charges
moving along the wires. Of course, real electrons are
very,
very, very small!
We can't see them.
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You need to describe what you see in the model.
I see electrons moving through the wires of this model. Think about what you already know about light bulbs and how they work that will help you to answer this question.
We have real light bulbs in school and at home. This is a model of what's happening.
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| String circuit | Electric circuit |
| Straw | Wire |
| Dots on the string | Electric charges in the wire |
| Must make a loop for the string to move | Must make a complete circuit for the electricity to flow |
| Cut the string –- no loop! | Open the switch –- no circuit! |
| Pull the string to make dots move | Battery pushes and pulls charges |
| Pinch the string, making resistance | Resist the flow of electric charges (electrical resistance) |
| It takes energy to pull the string if it is pinched | It takes energy to make the electric charges flow when there's resistance, as in a light bulb or a motor |
| When you move the string in one place, all the dots move at once | When you hook up the circuit, the charges in the wire all move at once |
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Elaborate
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| String circuit | Electric circuit |
| String moves through the straw | The wire does NOT move -- just the electric charges move |
| Dots move slowly | Charges move very fast |
| You can see the dots | Electric charges are too small to see |
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How does electricity move through a wire?
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In this activity, you will build a circuit to light a bulb with a battery, first with a model and then with a real bulb. |
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Engage
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2
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Find a battery to look at. Draw a picture of the battery. Show
how the two ends of the battery are different.
Take a snapshot of your drawing. |
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4
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end and a negative
end. At the positive end there are extra positive electric charges,
and at the negative end there are extra negative charges.
Many toys and games need batteries to work.
You need to turn the battery around and look all over it.
Look at the markings on the battery. The positive end may be labeled.
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Explore
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To work, electric devices need a circuit, which is a loop that
allows the current to flow in an unbroken path.
Here is a model of a circuit. You can open and close the switch by dragging the handle with your mouse. |
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Make a continuous loop with battery, bulb, and wires so that the electricity will flow through all of them.
If you were not successful, try again! Go on when you succeed.
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Take a snapshot of your drawing.
If you could not light the bulb, try again with another arrangement of the wires! Correct your drawing and take another sanpshot, if necessary.
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Explain
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1. Draw a picture of your circuit that successfully lights a
bulb. You can use the battery and bulb stamps if you wish
below the
A
tool button on the draw tool. When your
drawing is complete, draw a red line in a loop to show the
path of the electric circuit.
Take a snapshot of your drawing. |
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Elaborate
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9
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Now make a model circuit with more things in it: two batteries
and two bulbs. Into the blue space, drag two batteries, two
bulbs, and as many wires as you need to make a circuit. Make a
continuous loop with battery, bulb, and wires so that the
electricity will flow through all of them.
If you didn't succeed, try again! Make a loop so that the electricity can flow all the way around. Take a snapshot of your working circuit. |
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Congratulations! You have completed this activity.
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How do you use batteries to light up a bulb?
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1
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In this activity you will examine a light bulb and make it glow using a hand generator. |
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Engage
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2
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Here is a picture of a light bulb. When electric charges are
pushed through the bulb, a special wire called a filament
heats up. It gets so hot that it gives off light.
Draw a circle around the filament and label it "filament," using the drawing tool. Take a sanpshot of your drawing. |
| Here is a picture of a hand-cranked electric generator. It is called a Genecon. When you turn the crank, it makes enough electricity to light up a holiday light. |
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- Crank slowly, stop.
- Crank at medium speed, stop.
- Crank fast, stop.
on the right.
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Explore
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5
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| Connect a holiday light to the Genecon hand generator. |
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Crank the Genecon, but not too hard – you may burn out the bulb!
Look closely at the bulb. See if you can recognize the filament.
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6
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Notice that the filament is connected to a tiny wire at each
end. Each wire is connected to the bigger wire that you
attached to the Genecon. This is how the electricity gets to
the filament from the Genecon.
Draw a picture of the holiday light, showing the filament and the two wires that connect to the circuit. Take a snapshot of your drawing. It will be saved in your lab book. |
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7
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Connect a holiday light to the Genecon. This time, also
connect the
voltage
sensor.
Click on the magnifying glass
for
a technical hint.
The voltage is a measure of how hard the electric charges are being pushed through the circuit. |
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8
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for
a movie showing how to use the data collection graph.
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9
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Make a prediction of what the voltage graph will look like if
you do the following. You can draw on the graph using the
pencil tool.
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10
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Now test your prediction.
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Explain
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Elaborate
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12
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- Start the data collector by clicking the Start button.
- Wait 5 seconds.
- Crank the Genecon gently for 5 seconds, so that the light glows just a little.
- Wait 5 seconds.
- Crank the Genecon at a medium speed.
- Wait 5 seconds.
- Crank the Genecon fast.
- Wait 5 seconds.
- Stop.
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13
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14
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Draw a picture of the circuit that you made with the Genecon,
the two holiday lights and the voltage sensor. You can use the
stamp tools on the right.
Take a snapshot of your drawing. |
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15
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Congratulations! You have completed this activity.
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How do light bulbs work?
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What is electricity?
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1
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Now it's time to review and summarize what you have learned
about electricity. To help, you can show all of your snapshots
and some of your written answers from the activities. They are
all in your lab book.
Review the questions on the following pages. There is a separate page for each activity that you worked on. Be prepared to share your answers with the rest of the class. |
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Story
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2
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Light a bulb!
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6
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Conductors and insulators
In this activity you tested materials to see if they conduct
electricity.
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Volts and lights
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4
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String circuit
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5
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Sum volts
In this activity you measured the voltage of combinations of
batteries.
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Summary
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8
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9
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Let your teacher know that you are done. Your teacher will give you a password so you can take a short test.
| Password: |
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Wrapping up
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| 1. Here is a picture of an electrical wire. The wire is copper and the green outside is rubber. |
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Press the Right Arrow below to go to the next page.
Each of the arrangements below includes a battery, a light bulb, and
wire.
Press the Right Arrow below to go to the next page.
Press the Right Arrow below to go to the next page.
Press the Right Arrow below to go to the next page.
Press the Right Arrow below to go to the next page.
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6. A student connects a hand generator to a light bulb. They also
connect a voltage sensor, which measures the voltage across the
light bulb. They crank the hand generator and produce the following
graph of voltage:
Choose the letter for the area of the graph where:
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4
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5
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Click the Submit button when you have finished.
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What have you learned about electricity?
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